Deep Neural Networks for Document Processing of Music Score Images

[EN] There is an increasing interest in the automatic digitization of medieval music documents. Despite efforts in this field, the detection of the different layers of information on these documents still poses difficulties. The use of Deep Neural Networks techniques has reported outstanding results in many areas related to computer vision. Consequently, in this paper, we study the so-called Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for performing the automatic document processing of music score images. This process is focused on layering the image into its constituent parts (namely, background, staff lines, music notes, and text) by training a classifier with examples of these parts. A comprehensive experimentation in terms of the configuration of the networks was carried out, which illustrates interesting results as regards to both the efficiency and effectiveness of these models. In addition, a cross-manuscript adaptation experiment was presented in which the networks are evaluated on a different manuscript from the one they were trained. The results suggest that the CNN is capable of adapting its knowledge, and so starting from a pre-trained CNN reduces (or eliminates) the need for new labeled data.This work was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and Universidad de Alicante through grant GRE-16-04.Calvo-Zaragoza, J.; Castellanos, F.; Vigliensoni, G.; Fujinaga, I. (2018). Deep Neural Networks for Document Processing of Music Score Images. Applied Sciences. 8(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/app8050654S85Bainbridge, D., & Bell, T. (2001). Computers and the Humanities, 35(2), 95-121. doi:10.1023/a:1002485918032Byrd, D., & Simonsen, J. G. (2015). Towards a Standard Testbed for Optical Music Recognition: Definitions, Metrics, and Page Images. Journal of New Music Research, 44(3), 169-195. doi:10.1080/09298215.2015.1045424LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature, 521(7553), 436-444. doi:10.1038/nature14539Rebelo, A., Fujinaga, I., Paszkiewicz, F., Marcal, A. R. S., Guedes, C., & Cardoso, J. S. (2012). Optical music recognition: state-of-the-art and open issues. International Journal of Multimedia Information Retrieval, 1(3), 173-190. doi:10.1007/s13735-012-0004-6Louloudis, G., Gatos, B., Pratikakis, I., & Halatsis, C. (2008). Text line detection in handwritten documents. Pattern Recognition, 41(12), 3758-3772. doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2008.05.011Montagner, I. S., Hirata, N. S. T., & Hirata, R. (2017). Staff removal using image operator learning. Pattern Recognition, 63, 310-320. doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2016.10.002Calvo-Zaragoza, J., Micó, L., & Oncina, J. (2016). Music staff removal with supervised pixel classification. International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR), 19(3), 211-219. doi:10.1007/s10032-016-0266-2Calvo-Zaragoza, J., Pertusa, A., & Oncina, J. (2017). Staff-line detection and removal using a convolutional neural network. Machine Vision and Applications, 28(5-6), 665-674. doi:10.1007/s00138-017-0844-4Shelhamer, E., Long, J., & Darrell, T. (2017). Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentation. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 39(4), 640-651. doi:10.1109/tpami.2016.2572683Kato, Z. (2011). Markov Random Fields in Image Segmentation. Foundations and Trends® in Signal Processing, 5(1-2), 1-155. doi:10.1561/2000000035Lecun, Y., Bottou, L., Bengio, Y., & Haffner, P. (1998). Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE, 86(11), 2278-2324. doi:10.1109/5.72679

Propagation of Rayleighs waves in cracked media

Este trabajo está enfocado a la obtención de resultados numéricos que permitan la detección y caracterización de grietas sub-superficiales en sólidos mediante la incidencia de ondas elásticas de Rayleigh. Los resultados se obtienen a partir de ecuaciones integrales de frontera, que pertenecen al campo de la elastodinámica. Una vez que se aplican las condiciones de frontera se obtiene un sistema de ecuaciones integrales del tipo Fredholm de segunda especie y orden cero, el cual es resuelto mediante eliminación gaussiana. El método que se emplea para la discretización de dichas ecuaciones es conocido como «método indirecto de elementos frontera», el cual puede ser visto como una derivación del teorema clásico de Somigliana. A partir de los análisis realizados en el dominio de la frecuencia emergen picos de resonancia que permiten inferir la presencia de grietas mediante los cocientes espectrales. Se analizaron varios modelos de medios agrietados donde se pretende evidenciar la gran utilidad que presenta el uso de los cocientes espectrales para identificar grietas. Se estudiaron los efectos de la orientación y la localización de las grietas. Los resultados obtenidos presentan buena concordancia con los publicados previamente.This work is focused on the finding of numerical results for detection and characterization of sub-surface cracks in solids under the incidence of Rayleighs elastic waves. The results are obtained from boundary integral equations, which belong to the field of dynamics of elasticity. Once applied the boundary conditions, a system of Fredholms integral equations of second kind and zero order is obtained, which is solved using Gaussian elimination. The method that is used for the solution of such integral equations is known as the Indirect Boundary Element Method, which can be seen as a derivation of the Somiglianas classic theorem. On the basis of the analysis made in the frequency domain, resonance peaks emerge and allow us to infer the presence of cracks through the spectral ratios. Several models of cracked media were analyzed, where analyses reveal the great utility that displays the use of spectral ratios to identify cracks. We studied the effects of orientation and location of cracks. The results show good agreement with the previously published.Peer Reviewe

Numerical and experimental study of the time-dependent states and the slow dynamics in a von Ka´rma´n swirling flow

The characteristics of time-dependent swirling flows in a von Ka´rma´n configuration are investigated numerically up to Reynolds number Re¼3000 (based on the angular velocity and the radius of the cylinder), and experimentally within turbulent regimes. Experimental results are analyzed together with the periodic and aperiodic flow obtained numerically. In the present configuration, the fluid is contained in a cylindrical cavity with aspect ratio (height to radius) !¼2 and the motion is driven by the exact counter rotation of the end walls while the sidewall is at rest. Spectral direct numerical simulations show that for this geometry the axisymmetric base flow becomes unstable to non-axisymmetric perturbations with azimuthal wavenumber m¼1 through a subcritical bifurcation, and the corresponding flow exhibits a pattern with one cat’s eye in the axial-azimuthal planes. Increasing the Reynolds number the flow becomes unstable to non-axisymmetric steady perturbations with even azimuthal wavenumbers, and the corresponding flows exhibits a two cat’s eyes pattern. The occurrence of cat’s eye pattern in radial-azimuthal surfaces was observed in this and other aspect ratio cavities and is associated with vortices in 3D steady flows with characteristic azimuthal modes [Nore, C., Tuckerman, L.S., Daube, O. and Xin, S., The 1 : 2 mode interaction in exactly counter-rotating von Ka´rma´n swirling flow, J. Fluid Mech., 2003, 477, 51–88; Lackey, T.C. and Sotiropoulos, F., Relationship between stirring rate and Reynolds number in the chaotically advected steady flow in a container with exactly counter-rotating lids, Phys. Fluids, 2006, 18, 1–14]. Timedependent regimes are obtained numerically when the value of the Reynolds number is Re"1500. The time dependency is associated with a pulsation of the two vortices found in the steady regime. Experimental visualizations and measurements show that in turbulent regimes the flow also exhibits two vortices, but in this case they travel in the azimuthal direction with a frequency compatible with the frequency obtained in the numerical simulations at much lower Reynolds number. The azimuthal drift of these vortices is associated with the asymmetry of the mean azimuthal flow with respect to the equatorial plane

Análisis de la expresión de genes de respuesta inmune durante el desarrollo ontogénico de paralarvas de pulpo Octopus vulgaris criadas en cautividad

El pulpo común es una especie de gran importancia comercial, considerada como una especie emergente en acuicultura. En este trabajo se analizó el nivel de expresión de los genes inmunes TLR, C1q, Galectina, PGRP, LITAF, SERPIN, PRDX y Caspasa 3 mediante PCR cuantitativa (q-PCR) en embriones y paralarvas de O. vulgaris de edades 0, 10, 20 y 34 días. Adicionalmente, se infectaron paralarvas de 22 días con bacterias patógenas vivas Vibrio lentus y V. splendidus a 1h, 4h y 24h. El estudio del desarrollo del sistema inmune de estas paralarvas ayudará a identificar factores claves para la supervivencia y cultivo del pulpo común. Durante el desarrollo ontogénico, los embriones mostraron el menor nivel de expresión de PGRP, Caspasa 3 y PRDX. Por el contrario, C1q, Galectina y LITAF se observaron visiblemente expresados. C1q, TLR y SERPIN fueron los genes que presentaron mayor nivel de expresión en Pa0D. A partir de Pa10D se observó un notable incremento en la expresión de C1q, Galectina, PGRP y LITAF. La expresión de Caspasa3 se incrementó gradualmente desde Em. V. lentus y V. splendidus inducen un notable incremento de la expresión de C1q y PRDX entre 1h y 4h post infección. Sin embargo, durante las primeras horas de infección se observó una disminución de la expresión de Galectina, TLR, PGRP y LITAF. Particularmente la infección por V. lentus produjo una disminución de la expresión de SERPIN. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la capacidad del sistema inmune de reconocer patógenos y evitar infecciones es significativamente activo desde los estadíos de paralarvas recién eclosionadas. Sin embargo, se observó un aumento significativo de los genes seleccionados a partir de Pa10D.The common octopus is a species of high commercial interest and nowadays is considered as an emergent species in aquaculture. The mRNA expression level of immune-related genes (TLR, C1q, Galectin, PGRP, LITAF, SERPIN, PRDX and Caspase 3) was analyzed by Real time qPCR on embryos and paralarvae of O. vulgaris at age of 0, 10, 20 and 34 days. Additionally, paralarvae of 22 days were challenged with live Vibrio lentus and V. splendidus during a time course (1 h, 4 h and 24 h). This analysis will allow a better understanding of the developmental of immune system of these paralarvae, which will help to identify key factors for survival and culture of the common octopus. Regarding ontogeny, Em showed the lowest expression of PGRP, Caspase 3 and PRDX. In contrast, C1q, Galectin and LITAF were visibly expressed. C1q, TLR and SERPIN were highly expressed in Pa0D. A notably increase in the expression of C1q, Galectin, PGRP and LITAF began from Pa10D. Caspase 3 expression was gradually increased from Em. V. lentus and V. splendidus induced a notable expression of C1q and PRDX at 1 h and 4 h post infection (p. i.). Nevertheless, they markedly suppress the activation of Galectin, TLR, PGRP and LITAF during the first hours p.i.. Particularly, V. lentus suppressed the expression of SERPIN. The present results suggest that the ability of immune system to recognize pathogens and avoid infections is a priority in recently hatched paralarvae. However, a noticeable increase of gene expression was observed from Pa10D.0,000

Oral Anticoagulation and Risk of Symptomatic Hemorrhagic Transformation in Stroke Patients Treated With Mechanical Thrombectomy: Data From the Nordictus Registry

Introduction: We aimed to evaluate if prior oral anticoagulation (OAC) and its type determines a greater risk of symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) subjected to mechanical thrombectomy. Materials and Methods: Consecutive patients with AIS included in the prospective reperfusion registry NORDICTUS, a network of tertiary stroke centers in Northern Spain, from January 2017 to December 2019 were included. Prior use of oral anticoagulants, baseline variables, and international normalized ratio (INR) on admission were recorded. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) was the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome was the relation between INR and sICH, and we evaluated mortality and functional outcome at 3 months by modified Rankin scale. We compared patients with and without previous OAC and also considered the type of oral anticoagulants. Results: About 1.455 AIS patients were included, of whom 274 (19%) were on OAC, 193 (70%) on vitamin K antagonists (VKA), and 81 (30%) on direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Anticoagulated patients were older and had more comorbidities. Eighty-one (5.6%) developed sICH, which was more frequent in the VKA group, but not in DOAC group. OAC with VKA emerged as a predictor of sICH in a multivariate regression model (OR, 1.89 [95% CI, 1.01–3.51], p = 0.04) and was not related to INR level on admission. Prior VKA use was not associated with worse outcome in the multivariate regression model nor with mortality at 3 months. Conclusions: OAC with VKA, but not with DOACs, was an independent predictor of sICH after mechanical thrombectomy. This excess risk was associated neither with INR value by the time thrombectomy was performed, nor with a worse functional outcome or mortality at 3 months

A review of angular leaf spot resistance in common bean.

Angular leaf spot (ALS), caused by Pseudocer-cospora griseola, is one of the most devastating diseases of common bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) in tropical and subtropical production areas. Breeding for ALS resistance is difficult due to the extensive virulence diversity of P. griseolaand the recurrent appearance of new virulent races. Five major loci, Phg-1 to Phg-5, confer-ring ALS resistance have been named, and markers tightly linked to these loci have been reported. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have also been described, but the validation of some QTLs is still pending. The Phg-1, Phg-4, and Phg-5loci are from common bean cultivars of the Andean gene pool, whereas Phg-2 and Phg-3are from beans of the Mesoamerican gene pool. The reference genome of common bean and high-throughput sequencing technologies are enabling the development of molecular markers closely linked to the Phg loci, more accurate mapping of the resistance loci, and the compar-ison of their genomic positions. The objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive review of ALS resistance in common bean. Further-more, we are reporting three case studies of ALS resistance breeding in Latin America and Africa. This review will serve as a reference for future resistance mapping studies and as a guide for the selection of resistance loci in breeding programs aiming to develop common bean cultivars with durable ALS resistance

Elliptic flow of identified hadrons in Pb-Pb collisions at 1asNN = 2.76 TeV

The elliptic flow coefficient (v2) of identified particles in Pb-Pb collisions at 1asNN = 2.76 TeV was measured with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The results were obtained with the Scalar Product method, a two-particle corre- lation technique, using a pseudo-rapidity gap of | 06\u3b7| > 0.9 between the identified hadron under study and the reference particles. The v2 is reported for \u3c0\ub1, K\ub1, K0S, p+p, \u3c6, \u39b+\u39b, \u39e 12+\u39e+ and \u3a9 12+\u3a9+ in several collision centralities. In the low transverse momentum (pT) region, pT 3 GeV/c

Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS

660988

Two perspectives on equipartition in diffuse elastic fields in three dimensions

International audienceThe elastodynamic Green function can be retrieved from the cross correlations of the motions of a diffuse field. To extract the exact Green function, perfect diffuseness of the illuminating field is required. However, the diffuseness of a field relies on the equipartition of energy, which is usually described in terms of the distribution of wave intensity in direction and polarization. In a full three dimensional (3D) elastic space, the transverse and longitudinal waves have energy densities in fixed proportions. On the other hand, there is an alternative point of view that associates equal energies with the independent modes of vibration. These two approaches are equivalent and describe at least two ways in which equipartition occurs. The authors gather theoretical results for diffuse elastic fields in a 3D full-space and extend them to the half-space problem. In that case, the energies undergo conspicuous fluctuations as a function of depth within about one Rayleigh wavelength. The authors derive diffuse energy densities from both approaches and find they are equal. The results derived here are benchmarks, where perfect diffuseness of the illuminating field was assumed. Some practical implications for the normalization of correlations for Green function retrieval arise and they have some bearing for medium imaging